Lca is a systematic analytical method that helps identify and evaluate the environmental impacts of a specific process or competing processes. Mann national renewable energy laboratory 1617 cole boulevard golden, colorado 8040393 nrel is a u. Steam reforming of natural gas at petroleum refining facilities is the predominant means of producing hydrogen in the chemical process industries cpi. Catalytic reforming of natural gas is a commercial process to produce syngas, which is the main source for the production of ammonia, methanol, hydrogen, and many other important products. Another method, called partial oxidation, produces hydrogen by burning methane in air. Steam reforming involves the reaction of natural gas and steam over a nickel based catalyst.
Life cycle assessment of hydrogen production via natural. They are converted endothermically with steam into synthesis gas in catalytic tube reactors. The reactor and the balance of plant and support equipment are much more expensive than methanol steam reforming. The reaction also proceeds in parallel with the water gas shift. The main purpose of this technology is hydrogen production. Autothermal reforming of natural gas to synthesis gas reference. Main reactions in the partial oxidation and autothermal reforming processes are reported in tables 16. The first patents on steam methane reforming were awarded to basf in 1926 and the first reforming plants were built in the 1930s. This paper will deal with large scale hydrogen production in stationary plants using steam reforming. Figure 2 shows the product yield ranges for four industrial processes in terms of the ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide. The feed material can be natural gas, liquid gas or naphta. The dominate steamreforming processes convert natural gas, lpg or naphtha, with water vapor in the presence of a nickel catalyst, into a hydrogenrich synthesis gas.
Design of process plant for producing hydrogen from steam. Equipment design and cost estimation for small modular. Mann prepared by sandia national laboratories albuquerque, new mexico 87185 and livermore, california 94550 sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by sandia corporation. Steam reforming naphthas natural gas, off gas and lpg. The exergy efficiency and environmental impact to produce 1 mj of exergy of gasoline have been estimated according to the energy consumption of all petroleum refineries in the us in 1996 energetics, 1998. These include steam methane reforming smr, partial.
The exergy losses in natural gas reforming, where natural gas is the only source of exergy input, comprise approximately 22% of the total exergy input of natural gas rosen, 1996. Proven autothermal reforming technology for modern largescale methanol plants per juul dahl thomas s. Proven autothermal reforming technology for modern largescale methanol plants per juul dahl. Kinetics, catalysis and mechanism of methane steam reforming thesis submitted to the faculty of the. Natural gas reforming an overview sciencedirect topics. The superheated steam is mixed with natural gas in the reforming reaction, producing hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide. Johnson matthey 11 through katalco performance we want you to get the most from our catalysts. Life cycle assessment of hydrogen production via natural gas. The majority of the hydrogen produced globally derives from natural gas steam reforming, which is a wellestablished technology. Steam reforming of natural gas the most economical and highly preferable process with the resources of eritrea is steam reforming of natural gas. Natural gas reforming hydrogen can be produced from natural gas using hightemperature steam. Pdf the production of synthesis gas by steam reforming of.
This threatens the supply of energy and causes enormous. Steam reforming or steam methane reforming is a method for producing syngas hydrogen and carbon monoxide by reaction of hydrocarbons with water. Proven autothermal reforming technology for modern large. We optimize each application using our worldleading modelling capability and support the operation of your steam reformers with a wide range. The proportions of natural gas and naphtha reforming vary from year to year. First, the feedstock has to be desulfurized since sulfurcontained compounds in natural gas will poison catalyst and damage equipments during the followed reforming reaction.
Main components furnace the furnace is where the process of liberating hydrogen from natural gas and steam begins. Steam reforming steam reforming is the most widely used technology for producing hydrogen, and uhdes proprietary reformer design has proved successful in over 60 plants worldwide. Currently, more than 50% of hydrogen produced in the world comes from steam reforming of natural gas boyano et. This breaks the methane component of the natural gas into carbon monoxide co and h 2 gas, similar to synthesis gas syngas produced via gasification. The fluidized bed steam reforming fbsr of nuclear waste is a relatively new technology, though the fluidization phenomenon and steam reforming are well established in the chemical engineering field. C2pt catalyst process technology by gerard b hawkins managing director 2.
The reaction is strongly endothermic consumes heat. Chemical reactions catalyst shape design catalyst chemistry carbon formation and removal 3. This is an important technology pathway for nearterm hydrogen production. Today, 95% of the hydrogen produced in the united states is made by natural gas reforming in large central plants. In a modern steam reforming hydrogen plant fed by natural gas, up to approx. Steam reforming is the most widespread process for the generation of hydrogenrich synthesis gas from light carbohydrates.
The utilization of concentrated solar energy as external heat source for methane steam reforming has been investigated. Steam reforming or steam methane reforming smr is the reaction where steam and hydrocarbons, such as natural gas or refinery feed stock, react in a reformer at temperature of 800. Steam reforming or steam methane reforming is a chemical synthesis for producing syngas hydrogen and carbon monoxide from hydrocarbons such as natural gas. Us20040018144a1 hydrogen to steam reforming of natural gas. This process, called steam methane reforming, accounts for about 95% of the hydrogen used today in the u. Us6749829b2 hydrogen to steam reforming of natural gas to. The mixture of steam and gas enters the primary reformer natural gas fired primary reformer. Pdf solar steam reforming of natural gas for hydrogen. The preferred method of hydrogen production on an industrial scale is steam reforming of natural gas for its low operational and production costs. Economic analysis of hydrogen production from steam reforming.
Process steam is added, and the mixture of natural gas and steam is further preheated before entering the tubular reformer. The key variable is the hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio with a 2. Molten salts at temperatures up to 550c can be used as solar heat carrier and storage system, and hydrogen selective membranes. King haldor topsoe as copenhagen, denmark with global demand for methanol continuing its steady rise, improvements in methanol. Introduction to steam methane reforming steam methane reforming smr is a chemical process used in the gas manufacturing industry to produce hydrogen on a large scale. Us6749829b2 hydrogen to steam reforming of natural gas. Typical feedstocks include natural gas, lpg, naphtha, refinery offgases andor mixtures thereof. At last, all the co2 ends up in the flue gas of the sr heater. Pdf the production of synthesis gas by steam reforming. Life cycle assessment of hydrogen production via natural gas steam reforming. The dominate steam reforming processes convert natural gas, lpg or naphtha, with water vapor in the presence of a nickel catalyst, into a hydrogenrich synthesis gas. It is a source of hydrogen for the refining industry and the main source of synthesis gas for the manufacture of chemicals such as ammonia and methanol. Various indirect routes for the production of useful chemicals from natural gas. The present invention is directed to a process for producing synthesis gas comprising the steps of reacting a hydrogencontaining stream with an oxygencontaining stream and producing an oxidized stream comprising water.
The primary reformer is a heat exchanger its function is to heat up process gas catalyst and reaction in the tubes combustion on the shell side dominant heat transfer by radiation. Kinetics, catalysis and mechanism of methane steam reforming. Natural gas is the most common feedstock in steam reformers. Hydrogen to steam reforming of natural gas to synthesis gas download pdf info publication number us6749829b2. Production of hydrogen platefin reformer catalyst can be a surface coating or a porous insert.
Life cycle assessment of hydrogen production via natural gas steam reforming revised february 2001 l nreltp57027637 pamela l. Natural gas steam reforming an overview sciencedirect. Ng hydrogen generator natural gas reforming e1, element 1. Dfc roi means rate of return based on discounted cash flow. Review of small stationary reformers for hydrogen production. Other methods of hydrogen production include biomass gasification and electrolysis of water. The uhde design offers clear advantages over competing systems. Hydrogen to steam reforming of natural gas to synthesis gas download pdf info. Pdf benchscale steam reforming of methane for hydrogen. May 14, 2010 steammethane reforming is a process in which high temperature steam 700c c is reacted with a methane source usually natural gas at a high pressure of 325 bar with a catylist. F2 natural gas steam methane reforming f3 gasoline gasoline reforming f4 water electrolysis. Hydrogen production via steam reforming with co2 capture.
Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed. Hydrogen production by steam reforming chemical engineering. Nreltp57027637, national renewable energy laboratory, golden, co, february 2001. Show full abstract steam reforming of natural gas were evaluated in terms of feed conversion and yield to the different products as function of temperature, space velocity and waterfuel ratio. Natural gas steam reforming an overview sciencedirect topics. An integrated membrane reactor that useni10celazr catalyst. Steam methane reforming is also advantageous from a product yield and energy consumption point of view. Thus we concentrated more on design of a complete process plant for hydrogen production from steam reforming of natural gas. The steam methane reforming smr process is the most widespread method to generate hydrogenrich synthesis gas from light carbohydrates. Presentation about steam reforming modeling and simulatino. Steam reforming of natural gas wikid energy funhouse.
Natural gas reforming ngr is an important the chemical and petrochemical industry. Cost and performance comparison of stationary hydrogen. The natural gas use in a an ammonia plant using the steam reforming process ranges between 28 and 35. Need to match the heat release rate with the steam hydrocarbon reforming rate. The resultants of the reaction include hydrogen, carbon monoxide and a relatively small amount of carbon dioxide. Hydrogen production is the family of industrial methods for generating hydrogen gas. Among several feedstocks for steam reforming purposes, natural gas is widely used as a fuel in refineries units due to its abundance and caloric value compared to other feedstocks. Autothermal reforming of natural gas to synthesis gas.
This is achieved in a reformer which reacts steam at high temperature and pressure with methane in the presence of a nickel catalyst. Largescale production has begun only in the beginning of 1960s following the discovery of large gas fields in europe and the subsequent changeover from use of coal to natural gas as a feedstock. Advanced modelling and optimisation of natural gas reforming. Because hydrogen needs within various sectors of the cpi are at their highest levels in history, and are continuing to grow, an understanding of this method of hydrogen production and purification can be useful. Reforming of natural gas natural gas reforming also known as reforming of methane can be accomplished by me of an exothermicans or endothermic reaction depending on the chemical process selected to perform the catalytic reforming of methane. Areas where hydrogen is heavily consumed include ammonia production, the cryogenics industry and methanol production table 11. A life cycle assessment lca of hydrogen production via natural gas steam reforming was performed to examine the net emissions of greenhouse gases, as well as other major environmental consequences. The feed materials natural gas, liquid gas or naphtha are endothermically converted with water steam into synthesis gas in catalytic tube reactors. This process contains two chemical reactions which ultimately convert water and methane usually in the form of natural gas into pure hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Steam reforming furnaces many processes throughout the petrochemical industry are based on the use of hydrogen produced by the reforming process, where a hydrocarbon steam mixture is converted into a hydrogenrich gas in the presence of a catalyst at elevated temperatures and pressures. Natural gas reforming is an advanced and mature production process that builds upon the existing natural gas pipeline delivery infrastructure.
Both steam reforming and partial oxidation produce a. The steam reforming of methane srm 1 and 2 is a strongly endothermic. In addition to the steam reforming process, partial oxidation, autothermal reforming oxidative steam reforming, or plasma reforming of natural and propane gas can be used for hydrogen production liu et al. Methane constitutes the majority of natural gas, but it is very stable and requires a signi. Page 1 steam reforming of natural gas at petroleum refining facilities is the predominant means of producing hydrogen in the chemical process industries cpi. The steam methane reformer is widely used in industry. These technologies were chosen due to their applicability relative to other technologies being considered by. Depending on the quality of the feedstock natural gas, rich gases, naphtha, etc. Economic analysis of hydrogen production from steam.
A general block diagram with natural gas as the feedstock is shown in figure 1. Natural gas steam reforming due to the abundant availability of natural gas is the principal way to produce hydrogen. Natural gas feed is preheated in coils in the waste heat section of the reformer, and sulphur is removed over a zinc oxide catalyst. Higher purity of hydrogen can be obtained with membrane reactor. Steam reforming is a method for generating hydrogen by reacting fossil fuels with water. Therefore, the heating value of the natural gas is not reduced. Review on innovative catalytic reforming of natural gas to syngas. Review on innovative catalytic reforming of natural gas to.
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